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软件外包相关知识: ITO、BPO、KPO详解

by Aoxinjun 13. August 2009 12:53

早在1989年，著名管理学家彼得·德鲁克就在其著作中这样描写，“任何企业中仅做后台支持而不创造营业额的工作都应该外包出去，任何不提供高级发展机会的活动与业务也应该采取外包形式”。

ITO和BPO是目前软件外包领域的两大主要业务领域。ITO主要包括编程、测试等软件开发工作；而BPO则是指企业将自己辅助甚至关键的业务系统委托给专业服务公司，由专业服务公司按照双方协定的要求为企业提供相应的服务，比如银行业务数据处理、企业呼叫中心、人力资源管理等这样的关键业务系统。由于将这些关键业务流程外包的价值远远超过简单的软件编码外包，所以往往认为ITO是外包的第一个阶段、而BPO是第二个阶段。

目前，KPO（Knowledge Process Outsourcing, 知识流程外包）的时代已经来临。顾名思义，KPO介入比业务流程外包更为高端的知识工作的外包。这包括在知识产权的研究和工作、产权和财务、analytics、市场研究和数据管理和规定制订等。例如，法律文书处理、会计事务处理等等。预计KPO将被视为第三代外包流程——现在开始正逐渐成为现实的、主流的外包选择之一。之前其他的外包方式相比，KPO最具吸引力的地方在于知识套利，涉及外包更高技能的流程，而不是在于降低成本的潜力。在金融领域，KPO已经被用于处理信用评分，损失抑减估算和欺诈分析等工作。

正是基于以上的发展趋势，国内的软件外包公司都期待实现从ITO到BPO跨越。随着越来越多的企业进军日本外包市场，传统的ITO市场已经陷入恶性竞争的困境。与此同时，欧美BPO业务开始出现向中国转移的趋势。一个是要求不高、利润稀薄、过度竞争的市场，一个是要求严格、利润丰厚、空间巨大的市场，这种跨越对任何企业都将是一种诱惑。

据说印度正在往第三阶段：KPO，转型。预测全球到2010年，KPO的市场会到170亿美金。其中印度接120亿美金。印度的从事kpo的人员也会从目前的2万5千人发展到25万人。

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